http://beagleboard.org/I used one of these to simulate an auto-associative neural network as part of a robot I built for my undergrad final year project and quite enjoyed using it. It's an open source board based on an OMAP (ARM-based) processor designed by TI an can run Linux. It's also been
targeted as a platform to run RISC OS (the OS written for the original line of ARM based desktop computers from Acorn).
I found it very easy to get Linux running on and playing with the interface pins using the generic GPIO driver. My only complaints are that the voltage level for the interface pins is 1.8v which is a little awkward when designing other hardware that runs on 3.3-5v (e.g., micro-controllers). Also, there's no built-in Ethernet based networking.